Pre echo

Pre-echo is just classical gibbs oscillations, which is seen any time you use a fourier-type series expansion to represent non-smooth data.

when you have something like a sharp attack (like a castanet), the MDCT representation of this data will (after quantization) create a lot of oscillations both before and after the attack.

A fourier representation of an attack consists of an (inifinitely) long series of slowly decaying coefficients. If you store any less then exact, you introduce the oscillation. But you must quantize because otherwise you don't have a lossy codec.

The problem is that you have to return nearly all MDCT coefficients of the attack to stop the pre/postecho. The largest ones are no problem as they are usually kept by the quantization, but all others look very similar just a tiny bit smaller. At some point, you must make the decision to round to zero (or end up with 1:4 "compression") and you introduce the oscillation.

The oscillations in front of the attack are very bad, since they will be heard "before" the attack, and are very obvious to the human ear. It often sounds like a snare has been added to the original track.